Identification of Risk Factors for Gliptin-associated Bullous Pemphigoid among Diabetic Patients.

Drug-associated bullous pemphigoid has been shown to follow long-term gliptin (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors) intake. This study aimed at identifying risk factors for gliptin-associated bullous pemphigoid among patients with type 2 diabetes. A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary centre among diabetic patients exposed to gliptins between the years 2008-2021. Data including demographics, comorbidities, medications, and laboratory results were collected using the MDClone platform. Seventy-six patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors who subsequently developed bullous pemphigoid were compared with a cohort of 8,060 diabetic patients exposed to dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors who did not develop bullous pemphigoid. Based on a multivariable analysis adjusted for age and other covariates, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were significantly more prevalent in patients with bullous pemphigoid (p = 0.0013). Concomitant use of either thiazide or loop diuretics and gliptin therapy was associated with drug-associated bullous pemphigoid (p < 0.0001 for both). While compared with sitagliptin, exposure to linagliptin and vildagliptin were associated with bullous pemphigoid with an odds ratio of 5.68 and 6.61 (p < 0.0001 for both), respectively. These results suggest gliptins should be prescribed with caution to patients with type 2 diabetes with coexisting Alzheimer's and other dementias, or patients receiving long-term use of thiazides and loop diuretics. The use of sitagliptin over linagliptin and vildagliptin should be preferred in these patients.

The superiority of 72 h leukocyte descent over CRP for mortality prediction in patients with sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Detection of an eventful course in the early days of sepsis treatment is clinically relevant. The white blood cell count (WBCC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are used in daily practice to monitor the intensity of the inflammatory response associated with sepsis. It is not entirely clear which of the two might better discriminate the outcomes of patients with sepsis. METHODS: 30-day mortality was assessed in a cohort of patients who were hospitalized with sepsis in the departments of Internal Medicine in a tertiary medical center. Admission and 72-hour time points were analyzed to discriminate between patients with increased versus decreased 30 days mortality risk. RESULTS: The study included 195 patients. Higher 72 h CRP, WBCC, neutrophil counts and neutrophils to lymphocyte ratio were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.02). Baseline WBCC and CRP failed to discriminate between patients who died and those who survived (AUC = 0.551, 0.479). In multivariate analysis of the 72 h tests, higher WBCC count (OR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.05-1.20, p = 0.001), was associated with increased mortality whereas CRP was not (OR = 1.004, 95%CI 0.998-1.01, p = 0.146). CONCLUSION: Patients who presented a 72-hour leukocyte descent had a better outcome and in this regard, WBCC was superior to 72-hour CRP in predicting 30 days mortality.

A second C-reactive protein (CRP) test to detect inflammatory burst in patients with acute bacterial infections presenting with a first relatively low CRP.

A first C-reactive protein (CRP) test, as often performed by clinicians during the presentation of patients with an acute bacterial infection, might be misleading. The aim of our study was to explore the dynamic between a second CRP test taken within 12 hours from admission CRP test in a cohort of patients diagnosed with acute bacterial infection in comparison to CRP in a control group of apparently healthy individuals.This was a historical cohort study comprised of all patients admitted to the Sourasky Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel, between July 2007 and March 2016. The study cohort included adult patients who were diagnosed as having an infection, assumed to be of bacterial etiology (cellulitis and erysipelas, pneumonia, cholecystitis, pyelonephritis, or septicemia), who had a CRP test during the first 6 hours of hospital admission (baseline CRP), and a successive CRP test up to 12 hours from the first one (recurrent CRP). The control group was of healthy subjects who attended our medical center for a routine annual check-up.The study included 950 patients. Baseline CRP ranged from 0.04 to 454 mg/L. The median CRP velocity was 0.53 mg/L/h. Patients were grouped by baseline CRP into 4 groups (CRP < 10, 10-74.9, 75-199.9, ≥200). There was an increase in median CRP velocity between the first (0.48 mg/L/h) and the second (0.93 mg/L/h) groups, which then was decreased in the next 2 groups (0.46 and -2.58 mg/L/h, respectively). In 45 of 103 (44%) patients of the group of baseline CRP concentration less than 10 mg/dL with bacterial diagnosis, there was a complete overlap with CRP values of apparently healthy individuals during their routine annual checkup.A first single low CRP result cannot exclude the presence of a significant bacterial infection. Patients with acute bacterial infection might present with a relatively low CRP value that at times correspond to normal limit CRP concentrations. A second test, obtained within 12 hours of admission, might serve as an important tool to identify patient with an evolving inflammatory burst commonly seen during acute bacterial infection.

Delayed Inflammatory Reactions to Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: A Literature Review and Proposed Treatment Algorithm.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is a wide diversity of opinions regarding the management of delayed inflammatory reactions (DIRs) secondary to hyaluronic acid (HA)-based fillers. The plethora of approaches has led the authors to conduct a review regarding management and treatment of DIRs as well as establish therapeutic guidelines for this purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of the literature was performed through databases such as PubMed using keywords including HA-fillers and complications, delayed HA filler sequelae and therapy, soft tissue and dermal filler reactions and management. Additionally, a survey comprised of questions regarding the management and treatment of DIRs was sent to 18 physicians highly experienced with soft-tissue filler injections in 10 countries. Their answers and recommendations were analyzed and debated amongst these panelists. RESULTS: Sixteen panelists favored antibiotic therapy as first-line treatment for DIRs, specifically dual antibiotic therapy consisting of a fluoroquinolone along with a tetracycline or macrolide for a period of 3-6 weeks. The majority refrained from the use of intralesional (IL) or systemic steroids except in the case of disfiguring or recalcitrant reactions. IL hyaluronidase was recommended by 13 panelists; however, some preferred a watchful waiting approach for a period of 48 hours to 2 weeks prior to IL hyaluronidase, and in cases where antibiotics did not lead to improvement. CONCLUSION: A consensus was reached and summarized to propose a clear, easy-to-follow, stepwise algorithm for the treatment of DIRs.

Management Patterns of Delayed Inflammatory Reactions to Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers: An Online Survey in Israel.

BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, soft tissue augmentation is ever-increasing, specifically hyaluronic acid (HA)-based filler injections. As the number of these procedures have risen, so have the adverse reactions. Delayed-type inflammatory reactions (DIRs) secondary to tissue fillers are typically classified according to the time of appearance post-procedure and have various presentations including nodules, abscesses, edema, and discoloration. Currently, the treatment of these complications varies among physicians. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and experience of practitioners in Israel who inject HA-based tissue fillers with respect to the management of late-onset procedural complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey regarding management and treatment of late-onset inflammatory reactions was sent to 1120 physicians and dentists in Israel who practice tissue filler injections. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-four out of the 1120 practitioners replied to the questionnaire. The majority of respondents were dentists (group A) comprising 31% of all respondents. Group B accounted for 31% of injectors and consisted of dermatologists (19%) and plastic surgeons (12%), and group C (38%) accounted for all other practitioners; 48.2% of all injectors indicated that they have not previously encountered a DIR, whereas 11.4% responded that they have encountered more than 5 DIRs. In order to assess treatment management, we presented the injectors with a simulatory case of a woman with a late-onset complication. Most injectors referred the patient to the emergency department. When asked to establish a treatment plan, the majority of practitioners prescribed short-term oral steroids, ie, prednisone (35.3%). A limited number of patients were treated with intra-lesional hyaluronidase (31.4%) injection as only 34% of injectors kept hyaluronidase at their clinic. CONCLUSION: The varied approach regarding the management of delayed type reactions to HA-based filler injections, reflected in our study, illustrates the existing ambivalence in the current literature regarding the management and therapy of late-onset complications.